What was the significance of the role played by E. Howard Hunt during the Watergate Scandal?

E. Howard Hunt was a former C.I.A agent. It was found that Hunt was recruited by Kissinger to be the one in control of the plumbers, the burglars of Watergate, and that he organized the whole break in along with G. Gordon Liddy. Howard Hunt, Gordon Liddy and the rest of the group occupied the White House basement. Hunt was not only the leader of the break in at Watergate but he also was in charge of breaking into Ellsberg’s psychiatrist’s office to get personal information on Ellsberg. It was later found out that the burglars were operating under the orders of Hunt. Howard Hunt was also one of the man that made the Watergate scandal get connected to the President. Woodward found that a few of the burglars notebooks they Hunts name written down along with “W.H” or “White House.”1 This is what caused Howard Hunt to be arrested the weekend of the the Watergate break in, and prove that Howard Hunt and Gordon Liddy were communicating with the burglars. After he was arrested Hunt received 10,000 dollars in hush money to keep him quiet from revealing the connections between Watergate and President Nixon. In the end, Hunt was one of the twenty people that served prison time for the break in at Watergate.

1. Debra A. Miller, Living Through Watergate (Michigan:Greenhaven Press, 2006), 98

Bibliography

• Genovese, Michael A. The Watergate Crisis. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999. http://www.questiaschool.com/read/15308570.
• Liebovich, Louis W. Richard Nixon, Watergate, and the Press: A Historical Retrospective. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. http://www.questiaschool.com/read/117250842.
• Miller, Debra A. Living Through Watergate. Farmington Hills, MI

America Enters the Vietnam Conflict

1. What European country controlled (ruled) Vietnam before, during and immediately following World War II?      

Before World War II Vietnam, at the time it was called Indochina, was controlled by France. During World War II Vietnam was conquered and ruled by the Japanese. At the end of World War II Vietnam was controlled by Vit Minh, the Vietnamese Communist Party. 


2. Who led the Viet Minh (anti-Japanese resistance group)?       
The Viet Minh was controlled by Ho Chi Minh. 



3. Which country helped France keep Vietnam and why?       
The United States helped the French in trying to take Vietnam back because the Viet Minh was supported by the Chinese Communist and the Viet Minh were puppets of Mao Zedong. 



4. What is the Domino Theory?       
The Domino Theory was a theory created by President Eisenhower and his Secretary of State JF Dulles that China and the USSR were planning to spread Communism throughout Asia. There way of spreading communism through Asia was by getting one country at a time to turn communist and they will eventually all fall to communism just like a row of dominoes. 



5. In 1955 the United States installed this man as the leader of the Republic of South Vietnam. Who was he and why was he placed into power?           
The United States helped put Ngo Ding Diem into power as the leader of the Republic of South Vietnam because he was bitterly anti-communist and wanted to imprison and or exile the communists. 



6. What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail? How was it used?           
The Ho Chi Minh trail was a trail that ran through North and South Vietnam. It was used by the Viet Cong to send reinforcements and supplies to the guerrilla fighters that were attacking the South Vietnamese government forces. 



7. What was the Tonkin Gulf Resolution? What powers did it give President Johnson? 
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was a resolution that gave President Johnson the power to 'take all necessary measures to prevent further aggression and achieve peace and security' in Vietnam. This Resolution was passed by the US Congress in reaction to the North Vietnamese patrol boats opening fire on US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin. 



8. Look at the timeline on page 256. Why is 1965 considered a "turning point" year for American involvement in Vietnam?               
It is considered a 'turning point' for America because before 1965 the United States was holding back because they did not want to get into a full on war with Vietnam. But in 1965 the United States decided to go on a full on war with Vietnam so they started getting the upper hand in the war since they were using all their war tactics inside of just sending in military 'advisers.'  



9. Why, according to Source 3 on page 255, were U.S. troops put into a difficult position in Vietnam?        
The U.S troops were put in a difficult position because in attempt to help the people in South Vietnam and to win over the people in Vietnam they were trying to give them money but this just caused the peasants to turn into Vietcong sympathizers. 

Second Communist System

China
In 1949 Mao Zedong, the leader of the communist party in China, won twenty year civil war against the Nationalist and he created The People's Republic of China, which was automatically accepted as a legitimate country to the Soviet Union. The next year, in 1950, China supported the communist party in North Korea during the Korean War and supplied them with tons of troops, which helped them fight off the United States and push them back to the border of North and South Korea when they entered the North. Mao believed that the poor people in China were the greatest supporters of the communist party. In 1958 he launched "The Great Leap Forward" which was a five year economic plan which created an intense labor intensive farming industry. After two years this economic plan was dropped because it caused an economic breakdown. They blamed the disruption to the agriculture for the millions of deaths due to starvation during the next harvest session. Later on in 1966, Mao created a political and ideological campaign called "Culture Revolution," it was a ten year plan to revive revolutionary spirits, but it causes massive social, economical, and political change. In 1976 Mao dies, and in 1977 Deng Xiaoping because the dominant leader, and he tried to put China through a far-reaching economic reform. From 1986 to 1990 China had a "Open-door policy" which opened China up to investments form other countries and promoted a market economy and private sectors. In 1989 troops opened fire on protesters who were camping out for weeks to try and get CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang back, who was forced for resign in 1987. The total amount of deaths was 200, and it caused an international outrage. Jia Zemin takes over the Communist Party general secretary in 1989 and later becomes President of China in 1993. During this time China and Russia signed a declaration restoring friendly ties. China wanted to intimidate Taiwan during their presidential election during 1995, so China tested their missiles and held military exercises in the Taiwan Strait. In 1998 Li Peng announced reforms having to do with the financial crisis which made the economy to decelerate. Thousands of state owned companies were reconstructed which resulted in share flotations and bankruptcy, in the end about four million civil service jobs were cut. In 2000, China tried to crackdown on corruption, and they did this by executing   a former deputy chairman of the National People's Congress for bribes. In 2003 Hu Jinao, the leader of the communist party, was elected for the president. In 2006 18 million people in China were affected with seemed to be the worst drought in 50 years. Later on in 2006 the government announced that the pollution in China was at a critical level which threatened peoples health and social stability. The next year, in 2007 China tested a missile in space by hitting an old weather satellite, which caused the United States, Japan, and other countries concern for the military buildup in China. Also in 2007 new labor laws were created after finding men and boys working as slaves in a brick factory. In 2008, five months before Beijing hosted the Olympics, the anti-China protested got worse and even violent, and they even get attention on a global level by delaying the torch rely. Also in 2008, China and Russia have signed a treaty having to do with border disputed that started 40 years ago during the Cold War. In 2008 hundred were killed or injured due to ethnic violence that broke out in the Xingiang region, the next year in 2009 six men were put to death for having to due with the ethnic violence. In 2010 a there was a growing fear for the United States that China will have a cyber attack on the United States. In 2011 China passed Japan and became the second largest economy in the world. In 2012 Bio Xilai is expelled from the communist party for abuse of power and corruption, he created the biggest scandal in years, and he also was guilty for killing Neil Hollywood, a British Businessman. On November of 2012 Xi Jinping takes over the Communist Party chief and is expected to become the president in March of 2013. A Tibetan monk was sentenced to death, and his nephew 10 year in jail, in January 2013 for forcing eight people to burn themselves to death. About 100 Tibetans have set themselves on fire since 2009, and it was in protest of the Chinese rule.

Communism in Cuba

A communist party was formed in Cuba in 1925 but didn't become the main power of Cuba till 1959 when it was taken by force. On January 1st 1959 Fidel Castro takes over the government. Eisenhower approved of a partial economic embargo on Cuba, with the exception of food and medicine in 1960 in hopes to get Castro out of office. Just a year later the U.S Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 which created a total embargo on Cuba so the United States wouldn't trade with them at all. Castro wanted to get independence from the United States, and the Cuban government found out about a invasion that the United States was planning before it happened, so Cuban exile troops were left on the beaches and shot and killed. The USSR used Cuba to their fullest advantage after the United States had no power over it. The Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba so if needed they could accurately attack populated areas of the United States with these missiles. This is what started the Cuban missile crisis. In the end a Kennedy- Kruschev pact was signed and it guaranteed Castro to have power for thirty years, and then in 1966 the Cuban Adjustment Act was signed, which causes one and a half Cubans to flee from Cuba and into the United States. After the Soviet Union fell in 1991, the economy went down more than 40% because Cuba no longer got money from the Soviet Union. During this time, Castro started a new motto of 'Socialism or Death.' Some of the people in Cuba took the risk of going in the high seas to the United States in order to get out, and others thought that socialism is death. In July of 1993 the Cuban coast guards found a group of mainly women and child trying to flee the country and the coast guards used high pressure hoses to force them into the sea to their deaths, when the women begged to not harm their children. In November of 2001 Hurricane Michelle hit Cuba and caused a lot of damage to the island, and it had destroyed sugar mills and tobacco fields, which was the main source of Cuba's income at that point. This caused even more stress on Cuba's economy, and the United State's gave Cuba aid after this hurricane for the first time in years. In 2006 Fidel Castro gave the Presidency to his brother Raul while he recovered from a surgery, but in 2008 Fidel Castro retired giving Raul the title of President of Cuba. To this day Raul is still the President of Cuba, but he recently announced that he believed that a President should only serve two terms, and therefore he will step down from being President in 2018. 

Cold War Heats up in Asia

1. Who was Chiang Kai-shek?         
Chiang Kia- shek was the leader of the nationalist party in China, who was trying to fight the communist party. The United States supported the nationalist government but the US officials that worked with him thought that his ideas were inefficient and hopelessly corrupt.

2. Who was Mao Zedong?      
Mao Zedong was the leader of the communist party in China.


3. How were the Communist able to take over China?     

The Communists were able to take over China by getting the support of the peasants. They did this by encouraging them to learn how to read they helped them to improve their food productions. After World War II ended the fighting between the nationalists and the communist broke up. The poor favored the Communist party and the nationalist had a weak military power and they were corrupt; therefore the communists won.

4. How did the State Department respond to critics that Truman's "Containment" policy didn't extend to Asia?               
The State Department was questioning why containment of the Communists party wasn't as important in Europe as it was in Asia. They believed that they should have given more aid to Chiang Kai-shek and helped him keep his supporters. If the United States gave more aid it would have causes a war that the United States was not prepared to fight; the State Department thought that was a lame excuse.


5. How did Korea become a divided nation after World War II?      
At the end of World War II the Japanese troops in North Korea surrendered to the Soviet Union, while the Japanese troops in Southern Korea surrendered to the United States therefore North Korea turned communist and south Korea turned democratic.


6. What is the importance of the Yalu River and what prompted the Chinese to enter the Korean War?     
The Yalu River was the river that divided Korea from China. the Chinese entered the Korean War because they wanted to keep North Korea communist so that there was a buffer zone between China and the democratic Southern Korea. Another reason that they fought back was becasue they felt threatened by the American fleet that was right off their coast.


7. Who is General Douglas MacArthur and what did he want to do against China?     
General Douglas MacArthur was the one who controlled the combined troops who were fighting with South Korea, and he was a World War II hero in the Pacific. MacArthur wanted to invade China and thought that it was necessary to drop a nuclear weapon on the Chinese capital.


8. Why did Truman relieve MacArthur from duty?       
Truman relieved MacArthur from duty because MacArthur felt too strongly about invading China and would not listen to Truman. Instead MacArthur went behind the presidents back and tried to promote the invasion of China therefore he relieved him from duty.


9. How did the war end?       
The war ended by the Soviet Union ceasing fire unexpectedly on June 23rd 1951. Truce talks started in July 1951 and they decided on a few things, which includes the location of the cease fire line at the existing battle line and a demilitarized zone between North and South Korea. For the next couple of year the countries were negotiating on exchanging prisoners and in July 1953 the two sides signed an armistice which officially ended the war.


10. He is the current leader of North Korea and was also named the "Sexiest Man Alive" in 2012.      
Kim Dae-jung. 

Origins of the Cold War Outline

Thesis: The United State's policies were responsible for the outbreak of the cold war because of the Potsdam Conference, the different aims between the United States and the Soviet Union, Truman's Doctrine and the Policy of Containment, the Marshall Plan and the formation of the NATO alliance; some people believe that Berlin Blockade was the leading cause of the Cold War.

Main Point 1: Potsdam Conference
- Truman was the new President of the United States since Roosevelt died, and Truman was more of an anti-communist than Roosevelt meaning there was even more tension between Stalin and Truman. Truman was suspicious of Stalin and thought that Stalin's presence in Eastern Europe was his way of preparing to take over the rest of Europe
- The Potsdam conference was the day after the first atomic bomb was tested as a success, which meant that the United States no longer needed the Soviet Union's help in the war against Japan
- The Soviet Union's army was occupying Eastern Europe and would not leave even though Churchill and Truman did not want them in Eastern Europe in fear of communist take over, but Stalin persisted it was to prevent there from being another attack against the Soviet Union

Main Point 2: The different aims between the United States and the Soviet Union
- Germany:
           - The Soviet Union wanted to crush Germany so that they would stay weak and never be a threat to the Soviet Union again. In order to do this the Stalin wanted to keep Germany into four sections
          - The United States wanted to help rebuild Germany so that they were benefiting to Europe and make Germany more successful
- Truman wanted to spread democracy and create more free trade between Europe and the United States, and Stalin wanted to close the trading and spread communism
- Truman also wanted there to be more free trade with all of Europe in order to boost the United States' economy, while Stalin wanted to keep control of Eastern Europe to balance out the United States' influence in Western Europe

Main Point 3: Truman's Doctrine and the Policy of Containment
-  $400 million dollars was given to Greece and Turkey to help them economically and militarily in order to keep out communism and keep the communist party contained, which angered Stalin even more and made the relationship between Stalin and Truman worse.
- The United State's sent money, equipment, and advice to countries that threatened to have a communist takeover
- The point of the Truman Doctrine was to keep the Soviet influence from spreading
- Stalin was not pleased because he believed that the United States had no business in Europe because they were not a country in or near Europe. Stalin also believed that he had the right to have influence in Europe because the Soviet Union had borders with countries in Europe

Main Point 4: Marshall Plan 
-  the intention was to give aid to European countries that needed it
- over four years 13 billion dollars of aid was given to 16 European countries
- The Marshall Plan gave the United States more alliances because of their help, and it also helped get rid of the communist parties in those countries

Main Point 5: NATO alliance
- The NATO alliance was the first alliance which the United States had joined during the time of peace
- There was 12 countries that pledged military alliance if one of the countries was attacked
- The reason for the formation of this alliance was because after the Berlin blockade they feared even more that the Soviet Union would get more aggressive
- The NATO alliance kept a standing military of more than 500,000 troops along with planes and other supplied.
- The Cold War and the NATO alliance made it so there was no hope of the United States to return to isolationism

D/I Berlin Blockade 
- Stalin was not pleased that the United States, Great Britain, and France combined their three zones of Germany to create Western Germany in order to help Germany in recovering
- The USSR's zone included Berlin so Stalin stopped all goods from coming into part of Berlin so that Berlin would be completely dependent of the USSR. He did this by cutting off all roads and highways
- The United States was not pleased with this and tried to use break through the blockade, which they did by the Berlin Airlift which flew in supplied to Berlin, Stalin thought of this as an act of war against the USSR

The Berlin Blockade and Airlift

1. What is Source 37 (p. 75) saying about Josip Tito, leader of Yugoslavia?     
Source 37 is saying that Josip Tito is betraying the communist government by accepting money from America, who at that time was the enemy to the Soviet Union and the communist party. It shows Tito looking like a poor guilty man, meaning that he knows what he is doing is wrong and he shouldn't be betraying the Soviet Union but he is for his own benefit. 


2. Why do you think Stalin was so hostile to Tito?        
Stalin was so hostile to Tito because not only is he going against the communist government and the influence that the Soviet Union has on Yugoslavia, but he is getting help from Stalin's number one enemy which is the United States. Yugoslavia is supposed to be apart of the Soviet Union's sphere of influence but instead the United States has penetrated the sphere of influence and got Tito to accept money from the United States and therefore Stalin is taking out his anger toward the United States on Tito. 


3. Look back at the map in Source 27 on page 71. How does the geographical position of Yugoslavia help to explain why Stalin did not take any direct action (such as sending in troops) against Tito?     
Stalin did not take any direct action against Tito because Yugoslavia does not have a border with the Soviet Union, and it is just apart of the sphere of influence. Stalin would have to bring the troops through other countries in order to get to Yugoslavia which would cause conflict in the countries which there no conflict in. 


4. Read Source 40 (p. 77). What reasons did the Soviet Union give for cutting off West Berlin?       
The Soviet Union's reason for cutting off West Berlin was that there was a shortage of coal, and therefore they cut off electricity from West Berlin. The Soviet Union's reason for stopping all traffic into West Berlin was that there were technical difficulties. 


5. Why do you think the USA did not believe these were genuine reasons?           
The USA did not believe that the Soviet Union had genuine reasons. The reason for that is that the United State's knew that the Soviet Union should not be trusted because over the years the Soviet Union would say one thing and then do the opposite. Also by this point the Soviet Union was an enemy to the United State's therefore they could not be trusted, especially since the Soviet Union is known for doing things that only benefit themselves. 


6. How do Sources 41–43 differ in their interpretation of the blockade?            
Source 41 claims that there was nothing gained nor lost in the Berlin blockade and all it did was make the United State's and Soviet Union more stubborn to their ways. Source 42, is a speech from President Truman, saying that there was nothing lost but it was a test to the United State's on whether they had the will to stay in Berlin, and that the United State's will not back down from helping the Europeans from having their power. Lastly, Source 43, written by someone in the Soviet Union, had a very different interpretation of the Berlin blockade. The source said that it was an act of war from the United State's and that in the process of the Berlin blockade all the United State's was doing was hurting the innocent people in Berlin and it caused them to starve. In the end the United State's act of war failed and they had to yield. This interpretation was very different from the ones in source 41 and 42.  


7.  Which do you think is the most useful source for a historian studying the Berlin Blockade?       
The most useful source for a historian studying the Berlin blockade would be source 41, because source 41 was not written at the time of the blockade and it does not seem to favor one side or the other, therefore it is most likely more accurate. Source 42 and 43 are also valuable because it was written from the point of views that the American's had during the time of the blockade, and the Soviet Union's point of view of the blockade after it happened. 


8.  Which source do you think gives the most reliable view of the blockade?      
Source 41 gives the most reliable point of view of the blockade. Source 43 is in favor of the Soviet Union because it was still during the Cold War, and therefore the Soviet who wrote it would want the Soviet Union to seem like the better country. Source 42 is not as reliable because it is President Truman talking after the Berlin blockade, meaning he would want to glorify his actions that he made in the Berlin blockade and give a morale boost to the people.